01. tbl. 101. árg. 2015
Urban - rural differences in diet, BMI and education of men and women in Iceland
Áhrif búsetu og menntunar á mataræði og líkamsþyngdarstuðul kvenna og karla
Material and methods: Participants were 1312 men and women,18-80 years, from a random sample of the national registry, response rate 68.6%. Diet was assessed during years 2010 to 2011 using repeated 24-hour recall, weight and height self-reported. OR of BMI ≥25 kg/m2 was calculated according to residence and education.
Results:Women ≥46 years within the capital area had lower BMI, or 25.7 kg/m2 vs 28.4 kg/m2p=0.007, and were less likely to have BMI ≥25 kg/m2, OR=0.64; CI 0.41-1.0 than those outside the area. No difference was found between the areas among men or younger women. Diets outside the capital had higher percentage of total fat compared than inside the capital. Saturated fatty acid (SFA) were 15.7E% vs 13.9E% for men, p<0.001 and 14.8E% vs 14.0E%, p=0.007 for women and trans fatty acids (TFA) were 0.9E% vs 0.7E% p<0.001 and 0.8E% vs 0.7E% p=0.001 for men and women respectively.
Conclusions: Women‘s BMI is less associated with residence than in former Icelandic studies. Men‘s BMI is not associated with residence. Diets within the capital area are closer to recommended intake compared with diets outside the area.
Table I. Charateristics and nutrient intake of men and women by residence | |||||||||||||||
Women | |||||||||||||||
Within capital area | Outside capital area | p-value1 | |||||||||||||
n=413 | n=267 | ||||||||||||||
Age, mean (sd) | 47.6(16.2) | 46.9(15.7) | 0.55 | ||||||||||||
Physical activity, hrs/wk, mean(sd) | 3.5(3.4) | 3.6(3.0) | 0.93 | ||||||||||||
Height, cm, mean(sd) | 167.0(5.5) | 166.8(6.0) | 0.54 | ||||||||||||
Alcohol, g/day, mean(sd) | 4.5(10.5) | 4.1(10.8) | 0.30 | ||||||||||||
Smoking, % | 18.6 | 18.4 | 0.92 | ||||||||||||
University eduacation, % | 40.0 | 25.1 | <0.001 | ||||||||||||
Energy intake, kcal/day, mean(sd) | 1739.0(492.3) | 1810.0(571.3) | 0.09 | ||||||||||||
Protein, %E, mean(sd) | 17.6(4.3) | 17.6(4.3) | 0.91 | ||||||||||||
Total fat, %E, mean(sd) | 35.2(7.0) | 36.8(7.2) | 0.004 | ||||||||||||
SFA2, %E, mean(sd) | 14.0(3.5) | 14.8(3.9) | 0.007 | ||||||||||||
Cis-PUFA3, %E, mean(sd) | 5.9(2.4) | 6.0(2.6) | 0.61 | ||||||||||||
Trans FA4, %E, mean (sd) | 0.70(0.3) | 0.80(0.4) | 0.001 | ||||||||||||
Carbohydrate,%E, mean(sd) | 43.7(7.5) | 42.5(7.3) | 0.04 | ||||||||||||
Added sugar, %E, mean(sd) | 8.9(6.1) | 8.5(5.8) | 0.46 | ||||||||||||
Fiber, %E, mean(sd) | 1.8(0.6) | 1.7(0.6) | 0.13 | ||||||||||||
Men | |||||||||||||||
Within capital area | Outside capital area | p-value1 | |||||||||||||
n=384 | n=248 | ||||||||||||||
Age, mean(sd) | 45.8(15.8) | 47.9(17.0) | 0.12 | ||||||||||||
Physical activity, hrs/wk, mean(sd) | 4.0(3.4) | 3.6(3.7) | 0.19 | ||||||||||||
Height, cm, mean(sd) | 181.5(6.4) | 180.8(6.9) | 0.22 | ||||||||||||
Alcohol, g/day, mean(sd) | 8.8(21.8) | 8.6(21.6) | 0.13 | ||||||||||||
Smoking, % | 14.1 | 18.1 | 0.17 | ||||||||||||
University education, % | 38.0 | 13.3 | <0.001 | ||||||||||||
Energy intake, kcal/day, mean(sd) | 2335.0(754.5) | 2433.9(809.3) | 0.12 | ||||||||||||
Protein, E%, mean(sd) | 18.6(4.9) | 18.5(4.5) | 0.76 | ||||||||||||
Total fat, E%, mean(sd) | 35.8(7.2) | 38.0(7.7) | <0.001 | ||||||||||||
SFA2, E%, mean(sd) | 13.9(3.9) | 15.7(4.4) | <0.001 | ||||||||||||
Cis-PUFA3, E%, mean(sd) | 6.1(2.6) | 5.6(2.3) | 0.009 | ||||||||||||
Trans FA4, E%, mean(sd) | 0.73(0.34) | 0.91(0.4) | <0.001 | ||||||||||||
Carbohydrate, E%, mean(sd) | 41.7(7.7) | 40.0(8.6) | 0.01 | ||||||||||||
Added sugar, E%, mean(sd) | 9.0(6.2) | 9.2(6.9) | 0.67 | ||||||||||||
Fiber, E%, mean(sd) | 1.5(0.6) | 1.4(0.5) | <0.001 | ||||||||||||
1T-test for normally distributed variables. Mann-Whitney U test for not normally distributed variables, Chi-square test for dual variables 2Saturated fatty acids, 3Cis-Polyunsaturated fatty acids, 4Trans fatty acids
|
|||||||||||||||
Table II. Mean BMI and percent of women and men with BMI ≥ 25, by residence and age* | |||||||||||||||
Within capital area | Outside capital area | ||||||||||||||
n | BMI | % BMI ≥ 25 | n | BMI | % BMI ≥25 | p-value1 | p-value2 | ||||||||
mean (sd) | mean (sd) | ||||||||||||||
Women 18-45 yrs | 186 | 25.3(5.0) | 41.8 | 124 | 25.7(4.8) | 43.4 | 0.50 | 0.77 | |||||||
Men 18-45 yrs | 198 | 26.4(3.8) | 55.6 | 107 | 26.6(4.3) | 56.5 | 0.62 | 0.88 | |||||||
Women ≥ 46 yrs | 208 | 25.7(4.8) | 47.9 | 138 | 28.4(4.0) | 60.1 | 0.007 | 0.03 | |||||||
Men ≥ 46 ára | 182 | 27.9(4.2) | 73.1 | 128 | 27.2(4.7) | 78.6 | 0.37 | 0.26 | |||||||
1 for mean BMI, T-test | |||||||||||||||
2 for % BMI ≥ 25, chi-square test *BMI: Body Mass Index |
|||||||||||||||
Table III. Odds ratio for people residing within capital area having BMI≥ 25 | ||||||
compared with those outside capital | ||||||
n | Unadjusted | Model A1 | Model B2 | |||
OR (95% CI)* | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | ||||
All 18-80 yrs | 742 | 0.78(0.63;0.98) | 0.78(0.62;0.99) | 0.78(0.62;0.99) | ||
Women 18-80 yrs | 325 | 0.76(0.55;1.03) | 0.74(0.54;1.01) | 0.76(0.55;1.04) | ||
Men 18-80 yrs | 417 | 0.80(0.57;1.13) | 0.82(0.58;1.17) | 0.79(0.54;1.10) | ||
All 18-45 yrs | 308 | 0.98(0.71;1.35) | 0.94(0.68;1.31) | 0.96(0.68;1.34) | ||
Women 18-45 yrs | 137 | 0.93(0.60;1.47) | 0.95(0.60;1.51) | 0.97(0.61;1.56) | ||
Men 18-45 yrs | 171 | 0.96(0.60;1.55) | 0.86(0.52;1.42) | 0.84(0.50;1.41) | ||
All ≥ 46 yrs | 434 | 0.65(0.47;0.89) | 0.64(0.46;0.89) | 0.66(0.47;0.92) | ||
Women ≥ 46 yrs | 188 | 0.61(0.40;0.94) | 0.61(0.39;0.94) | 0.64(0.41;1.00) | ||
Men ≥ 46 yrs | 246 | 0.74(0.44;1.25) | 0.73(0.43;1.24) | 0.76(0.44;1.34) | ||
1 Adjusted for age, physical activity, smoking, alcohol intake | ||||||
2Additionally adjusted for eduaction | ||||||
* Odds ratio, CI: Confidence interval |
Table IV. Odds ration for university educated people having BMI ≥ 25 compared | ||||||
with people with elementary school education | ||||||
n | Unadjusted | Model A1 | Model B2 | |||
OR (95% CI)* | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | ||||
Women 18-80 yrs | 325 | 0.70(0.48;1.01) | 0.80(0.54;1.19) | 0.88(0.59;1.33) | ||
Women 18-45 yrs | 137 | 0.97(0.55;1.71) | 0.71(0.37;1.39) | 0.76(0.38;1.51) | ||
Women ≥ 46 yrs | 188 | 0.61(0.37;1.00) | 0.75(0.42;1.33) | 0.84(0.47;1.50) | ||
Men 18-80 yrs | 417 | 1.46(0.91;2.33) | 1.28(0.77;2.13) | 1.25(0.72;2.16) | ||
Men 18-45 yrs | 171 | 2.08(1.10;3.96) | 1.24(0.59;2.63) | 1.15(0.52;2.53) | ||
Men ≥ 46 yrs | 246 | 0.79(0.36;1.70) | 0.72(0.32;1.64) | 0.71(0.29;1.80) | ||
1Adjusted for age, physical activity, smoking, alcohol intake | ||||||
2Additionally adjusted for residence * Odds ratio, CI: Confidence interval |
Table Va. Food intake of women by residence, g/day. Mean (sd) | ||||
Women | ||||
Within capital area | Outside capital area | p-value1 | Difference, % | |
n = 413 | n= 267 | |||
Milk and milk products | 247(185) | 257(177) | 0.51 | 4 |
Whole milk | 36(85) | 45(100) | 0.42 | 26 |
Low fat milk | 70(114) | 82(121) | 0.17 | 16 |
Skim milk | 33(96) | 28(86) | 0.37 | -15 |
Sweets | 18(25) | 14(24) | 0.07 | -20 |
Bread, total | 86(52) | 83(49) | 0.44 | -4 |
Whole grain bread, fiber ≥ 6% | 23(30) | 23(36) | 0.22 | -2 |
Cookies and cakes | 39(50) | 49(60) | 0.02 | 26 |
Oat meal porridge | 24(53) | 30(64) | 0.16 | 28 |
Pízza | 23(58) | 22(52) | 0.79 | -6 |
New potatoes | 45(51) | 59(57) | 0.002 | 30 |
French fries | 4(13) | 5(14) | 0.31 | 16 |
Pasta, cus-cus | 15(38) | 17(37) | 0.53 | 15 |
Fruits and vegetables, total | 255(167) | 250(178) | 0.70 | -2 |
Fresh vegetables | 105(91) | 104(96) | 0.91 | -1 |
Fresh fruis and berries | 128(117) | 124(120) | 0.73 | -3 |
Fish and fish products | 40(53) | 35(40) | 0.10 | -14 |
Meat and meat products | 88(63) | 108(69) | <0.001 | 23 |
Highly processed meat | 13(22) | 18(32) | 0.05 | 33 |
Butter and butter products | 10(11) | 11(12) | 0.42 | 8 |
Margarine | 3(4) | 3(3) | 0.45 | -7 |
Vegetable oils | 2(6) | 2(6) | 0.83 | -5 |
Cod liver oil | 2(3) | 1(3) | 0.27 | -22 |
Water and carbonated water | 770(550) | 716(516) | 0.20 | -7 |
Carbonated water | 61(174) | 23(107) | <0.001 | -63 |
Juice | 95(138) | 81(145) | 0.22 | -15 |
Coffee | 245(253) | 313(312) | 0.003 | 28 |
Soft drinks | 211(313) | 194(325) | 0.49 | -8 |
Beer | 24(114) | 37(157) | 0.27 | 50 |
Table wine | 28(72) | 19(68) | 0.009 | -33 |
1T-test for normally distributed variables. Mann-Whitney U test for not normally distributed variables |
Table Vb. Food intake of men by residence, g/day. Mean (sd) | ||||
Men | ||||
Within capital area | Outside capital area | p-value1 | Difference, % | |
n=384 | n= 248 | |||
Milk and milk products | 324(242) | 397(296) | 0.001 | 22 |
Whole milk | 53(117) | 120(228) | <0.001 | 128 |
Low fat milk | 112(165) | 120(199) | 0.52 | 7 |
Skim milk | 39(106) | 27(95) | 0.01 | -30 |
Sweets | 18(32) | 14(27) | 0.05 | -25 |
Bread, total | 107(68) | 102(72) | 0.45 | -4 |
Whole grain bread, fiber≥6% | 21(35) | 18(32) | 0.08 | -18 |
Cookies and cakes | 47(60) | 60(82) | 0.03 | 28 |
Oat peal porridge | 29(81) | 38(81) | 0.06 | 34 |
Pízza | 34(84) | 30(73) | 0.91 | -12 |
New potatoes | 68(75) | 97(91) | <0.001 | 42 |
French fries | 10(21) | 10(24) | 0.79 | 5 |
Pasta, cus-cus | 29(58) | 14(36) | <0.001 | -53 |
Fruits and vegetables, total | 236(167) | 203(171) | 0.02 | -14 |
Fresh vegetables | 113(90) | 89(108) | 0.004 | -21 |
Fresh fruit and berries | 98(114) | 81(116) | 0.08 | -17 |
Fish and fish products | 53(67) | 57(80) | 0.53 | 7 |
Meat and meat products | 154(107) | 188(139) | 0.001 | 22 |
Highly processed meats | 26(41) | 32(59) | 0.19 | 22 |
Butter and butter products | 12(14) | 17(18) | <0.001 | 42 |
Margarine | 5(5) | 4(5) | 0.03 | -18 |
Vegetable oils | 2(4) | 1(3) | 0.02 | -33 |
Cod liver oil | 2(4) | 2(4) | 0.87 | -2 |
Water and carbonated water | 649(606) | 488(498) | <0.001 | -25 |
Carbonated water | 53(166) | 35(125) | 0.13 | -33 |
Juice | 104(176) | 65(126) | 0.001 | -38 |
Coffee | 360(351) | 473(527) | 0.003 | 31 |
Soft drinks | 283(362) | 259(351) | 0.41 | -8 |
Beer | 111(420) | 131(419) | 0.59 | 18 |
Table wine | 26(84) | 9(33) | 0.02 | -65 |
1T-test for normally distributed variables. Mann-Whitney U test for not normally distributed variables |