02. tbl. 96. árg. 2010
Fetal Echocardiography in Iceland 2003-2007; indications and outcomes
Fósturhjartaómskoðanir á Íslandi 2003-2007; ábendingar og útkoma
Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the indications and outcomes of fetal echo (FE) and determine which indication has the highest detection rate for congenital heart disease (CHD).
Methods: The referral indications and results of FE performed in Iceland during 2003-2007 were reviewed. Information regarding gestational age at diagnosis, nuchal translucency, pregnancy outcome, autopsy results and postnatal diagnosis were obtained from medical records.
Results: During the five year period 1187 FE were performed. Structural heart defect was diagnosed in 73 fetuses. The most common referral indication was family history of CHD (631;53.2%) which led to diagnosis of 18 heart defects prenatally (2.9%). The second most common referral indication was increased nuchal translucency (159) and abnormal cardiac findings were present in 16 cases (10.1%). A total of 30 women were referred for FE because of abnormal four chamber view (AFCV) which resulted in the diagnosis of 22 (73.3%) major heart defects, either incompatible with life or requiring immediate intervention after birth. Other indications led mostly to the diagnoses of minor defects.
Conclusions: AFCV is the most important predictor for diagnosis of structural heart defects. 2,5% were referred for FE due to AFCV which led to diagnosis of 30% of all heart defects, all of which were major.
TABLE I – Referral Indications for FE Familial risk factors - Previous child with CHD - Father has CHD - Inherited syndromes (Marfans, Noonans) Maternal risk factors - Mother with CHD - Metabolic disease (IDDM, PKU) - Ingestion of teratogens (lithium, retinoic acid, antiepileptics, alcohol) - Gestational infection (Rubella, CMV, toxoplasmosis) - Autoimmune disease (SLE, Sjögrens) Fetal risk factors - Abnormal four chamber view - Extracardiac malformations - Chromosomal abnormality - Arrhythmia - Hydrops fetalis - Increased NT thickness - Multiparity and TTTS |
FE=fetal echocardiography; CHD=congenital heart defect; IDDM=insulin dependant diabetes mellitus; PKU=phenylketonuria; SLE=systemic lupus erythematosus; CMV=cytomegalovirus; TTTS=twin-to-
twin transfusion syndrome.
TABLE II – Referral indications and number of abnormalities diagnosed | |||
15864 fetal ultrasound examinations | |||
Referral indications | Referred for FE n=1187 | CHD n=73 (%) | percentage of cases diagnosed with FE, % |
Family history of CHD | 631 | 18 (2.9) | 24.7 |
Increased NT | 159 | 16 (10.1) | 21.9 |
Arrhythmia | 122 | 5 (4.1) | 6.8 |
DM - IDDM - GDM |
75 47 28 |
0 0 0 |
0 0 0 |
Extracardiac anomalies | 48 | 2 (4.3) | 2.7 |
Drugs during pregnancy | 39 | 4 (10.3) | 5.5 |
Abnormal four chamber view | 30 | 22 (73.3) | 30.1 |
Multiparity | 18 | 0 | 0 |
Other maternal diseases* | 12 | 1(8.3) | 1.4 |
Hydrops fetalis | 6 | 2 (33.3) | 2.7 |
Fetal chromasomal abnormality | 4 | 3 (75) | 4.1 |
Unspecified | 44 | 0 | 0 |
* SLE, obesitas, stroke, Kartagener sx, CATCH-22, radiation therapy, repeated spontaneous abortions. DM = diabetes mellitus; IDDM = insulin dependant diabetes mellitus; GDM = gestational diabetes mellitus; CHD = congenital heart disease; FE = fetal echocardiography; SLE = systemic lupus erythematosus
TABLE III – Structural heart defects diagnosed with FE | ||
CHD | Number; N = 73(%) | |
VSD - membranous - muscular |
36 (49.3) 14 (19.2) 22 (30.1) |
|
Primum ASD | 2 (2.7) | |
CoA | 2 (2.7) | |
Ebstein anomaly | 2 (2.7) | |
HLHS | 9 (12.3) | |
Complex defect | 7 (9.6) | |
IAA | 1 (1.4) | |
Pulmonary stenosis and VSD | 1 (1.4) | |
Pulmonary stenosis | 1 (1.4) | |
Pulmonary atresia | 2 (2.7) | |
TAT | 2 (2.7) | |
TVA | 1 (1.4) | |
AVSD | 3 (4.1) | |
MVR | 2 (2.7) | |
Coronary fistula | 1 (1.4) | |
TOF | 1 (1.4) |
FE = fetal echocardiography; CHD = congenital heart disease; VSD = ventricular septal defect; ASD = atrial septal defect; CoA = coarctation aortae;
HLHS = hypoplastic left heart syndrome; IAA = interrupted aortic arch; TAT = tricuspid atresia; TVA = tricuspid valve abnormality; AVSD = atrioventricular septal defect; MVR = mitral valve regurgitation; TOF = tetrologia of Fallot.